In Hindu tradition, Vishnu's incarnation, Krishna, assumes an earthly form each year in the summer Juggernaut festival. During this cultural celebration, a giant hand-built cart is pulled through the given town or village by hundreds of people. Sometimes, worshipers throw themselves beneath the huge, unstoppable wheels of the cart as it passes, thus making the ultimate sacrifice to their god.
This Hindu festival is a useful metaphor to draw upon, in order to help us understand life in Britain today. Britain is a capitalist country based on private ownership of the material means of production and the exploitation of human labour for profit. Having quite naturally and spontaneously adopted this way of life, and lacking any semblance of a scientific conception of social evolution, successive generations spend their lives endlessly producing, distributing, exchanging and above all, appropriating commodities, or the monetary values thereof. As far as most people are concerned, it's simply in the nature of things. Having unwittingly brought this specific socio-economic form into being, people have also necessarily instituted all kinds of institutions and organisations so that their given economic pattern can be maintained. These in turn, function to exact service. In such a natural state of affairs, ends and means are reversed both concretely and ideologically. Only humans should be ends and everything else means. However, because people are daily obliged to use one another in order to appropriate the things they require, they necessarily conceptualise one another as merely means through which such ends can be realised. Similarly, institutions and organisations not only exact service from people on a daily basis, they are also thought of as being ends in themselves, as utterly natural and endearing. People quite unconsciously come to reify, that is to say transform their ideas about their various institutions and organisations into Platonic-like absolutes, assuming as they do, that such institutions and organisations are in fact, merely manifestations of their ideas and principles when in fact, their various ideas and principles are nothing but the reflection of their evolving material circumstances. Thus, institutionalised forms of capitalist morality, economics, national and local politics, law, work and so on are conceptualised by people as everlasting phenomena, the needs of which must be (and indeed are in this alien culture of ours) daily served by human beings. Thus, just as the human-built juggernaut comes to rule supreme over the lives of those who built it, so too in capitalist Britain, objects and in particular organisations and institutions as we shall see momentarily, do likewise. The poetic words of A E Housman perfectly sum up this topsy-turvy alien world that humans themselves have quite naturally and spontaneously created for themselves.
"I, a stranger and afraid In a world I never made. They will be master, right or wrong; Though both are foolish, both are strong".
In particular then, this suggested institutional and organisational dominance over people's lives is painfully evident in austerity-hit Britain at the moment and perhaps nowhere more so, than in the activities of our local and national political institutions. On page 19 of Saturday's i newspaper, the headline read - 'Manchester set to cut another 900 jobs'. It referred to the City Council's decision to cut yet more jobs to save money, despite already having cut 2,000 within the past two years. Moreover, Manchester Council is not alone. For example, (and this is barely a snap-shot) Southend Council anticipates 120 job cuts; Southampton Council plans at least 300 job cuts as do Councils in Medway and Ealing; Gloucestershire Council intends cutting 1,000 jobs; Somerset Council aims to cut 1,500 jobs; Warwickshire Council is considering axing almost 2,000 jobs; Southwark Council plans to axe 3,000 jobs, and so it continues.
At a national level, the political institution we know as 'the state' is also busy exacting service from people. Above all, the Chancellor of the Exchequer has recently announced yet more economic pain by way of pay freezes for public workers, benefit cuts for those individuals and families who are already living like paupers, and a host of other spending cuts directed at things like hospitals, schools, youth centres, social policy research, public transport, coastguard provision, the Equality and Human Rights Commission, the Refugee Council, flood defences, adult education, the National Council for Voluntary Organisations and many more besides. Moreover, it is anticipated that in today's autumn statement, the Chancellor will announce the axing (political pruning?) of around 13,000 civil service jobs. Such institutional austerity at both a local and national level, inevitably means the widespread loss of jobs and in some cases no doubt, the destruction of human lives.
Our institutionalised work structures also function to exact service from all working people to varying degrees. Having adopted a mode of life as hitherto noted, a majority of working people must constantly sell their respective personal capacities to one or other employer in exchange for a wage or salary. This is the only way for them to make a living. Moreover, the function of this necessary control over labour-power is to press such working people into serving either directly or indirectly, the expansionary needs of capital. The production of ever-greater profits is the essential purpose of work in Britain. And this is achieved by way of human exploitation, by paying working people less than the values they directly or indirectly play a part in creating. Workplaces are therefore institutional sites of human oppression and alienation not only because they exact the service (and thus limit the development) of people's various personal capacities, but also because they necessitate relationships of exploitation in pursuit of profit.
I think there is one other kind of national institution worth mentioning which, once created by people, functions like the Hindu juggernaut but in an extremely subtle manner this time. Such institutions are often distinctly cultural in form, and include 'national treasures' like The Jeremy Kyle Show, Children in Need, The Royal Variety Performance, The National Lottery, the BBC, The British Royal Family, the Queen's Speech, Comic Relief, Sport Aid, Parliament, the Ministery of Defence, the Inland Revenue and many more besides. These kinds of institutions exact service from the population at large inasmuch as they imply the essential rightness and inevitability of the existing socio-economic order, thus fostering uncritical patterns of thought. As far as these kinds of institutions are concerned, this exploitative and alien way of life is as good as it gets.
Finally, even at a supranational level, we can remark the same topsy-turvy world in which institutions rule over the lives of people. Thus, the European Parliament, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other such bodies function to exact service. Just ask the millions of human beings who are currently suffering at the moment, especially in Spain and Greece, on account of the draconian rulings indirectly bestowed upon them by the IMF.
All the examples in this brief article then, are of institutions which were created by human beings, and which subsequently function in various ways to exact service from those very same human beings and subsequent generations thereof. This entire upside down state of affairs is inevitable in a society in which a way of life has been adopted, obliging each and every individual by degrees, to devote their lives to the pursuit of things, and consequently, to think of people as means, and institutions and objects as ends. Only the abolition of private property and with it, human exploitation, will result in the world being turned right way up once more. Only then will people be able to institute one or other institution and use the myriad objects at their disposal to peacefully meet their own needs, along with those of their fellow human beings.
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